Vocabulary-+(All+students+are+responsible+to+add+at+least+2+definitions+each+week)-+(20+points)


 * __//Class Vocabulary- 2 terms a week-//__
 * John Winthrop - led a group of English Puritans to the new world in 1630, also governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. (Jessica Lochan)
 * Seditious Libel: This English common law made it a criminal offence to express discontent with any church or state issue. John Peter Zenger was charged with this for printing an article that criticised the governor of New York in his newspaper.
 * House of Burgeses: This was the first form government in the original 13 colonies that allowed representation from its members. It first met on July 30th, 1619 in Jamestown, Virginia.
 * Church of England: The established episcopal church of England. Steve A
 * Molasses Act: Passed by parliament, aimed at squelching North American trade with the French West Indies. Steve A
 * New England Confederation: Established on May 19, 1643. It was a political and military alliance of the British colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. Its purpose was to unite the Puritan colonies against the Native Americans. Scott H.
 * Council of Trent- a council of the Roman Catholic Church who examined and condemned the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers. Scott H.
 * Sarah Goth
 * The Half-Way Covenant : Allowed partial members of the church rights in the Puritan Congregation. This eventually erased the difference between the elect and everybody else.
 * Roger Williams: He verbally criticised the Puritan government and fled to Rhode Island in 1636. He is thought to be the first person to build a Baptist church in America.
 * Lacey Olson
 * Jesuits:a group of Catholic missionaries who traveled America seeking to convert Native Americans to their religion.
 * Black Legend:A false belief that the Spanish commited "killing for Christ" in which they would steal things from the Native Americas, kill them, give them dieseases, or enslave them when in fact they were really laying the foundation for a new culture by intermixing the Native Americans with the Spanish
 * Wage Laborors- Socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer in which the worker sells their labour under a contract, and the employer buys it. (Tom O'Brien)
 * Wayfarer- Is a wooden or fiberglass hulled Bermuda rigged sailing boat. (Tom O'Brien)
 * Paxton Boys- First major act of open defiance against the crown after the French and Indian War. They were willing to use milita force as well. (Tom O'Brien).
 * Sugar Act of 1764- Combat illegal smuggling of sugar. England placed a tax on sugar and made colonists only buy sugar connected with England. Ended up costing the crown more money in longrun. (Tom O'Brien).
 * Republicanism- All citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good. Both the stability of society and the authority of government. (Tom O'Brien).
 * Tariff- An official list showing the duties imposed by a government on imports or exports. (Tom O'Brien)


 * Josh Rosenberg
 * Kiva- a large chamber, in pueblo indian villages, used for ceremonies (can be underground)
 * Midwife- a person trained to assist in childbirth
 * Badia Saed
 * Conquistador~ A conquistador is a Spanish adventurer, or conquerors that spread out to claim land in the Americas.
 * Institutes of the Christan Religion ~ The Institutes of the Christian religion is simple, basic doctrine, where Calvin argued that God was powerful, good, smart, wise, and that God knew who was going to heaven and who was going to hell. This doctrine also explained Calvin's beliefs about predestination, which is the main belief in Calvinism.
 * Charter - a document, issued by a sovereign or state, outlining the conditions under which a corporation, colony, city, or other corporate body is organized, and defining its rights and privileges. (Anthony Szuhay)
 * California Missions - A series of missions up the California coast to spread Christianity throughout the different native american cultures. (Anthony Szuhay)
 * Bill Fell
 * The Renaissance - The period of time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe was beginning in the 14th century and ending into the 17 century.
 * Predestination - The belief where God desides whether a person goes to heaven or hell before that person's soul exists
 * Inaugurate- to make something start or begin
 * Quaker- a name most commonly referred to as the Religious Society of Friends in the 1500s-1600s Matt Dexheimer
 * Manifest Destiny - The 19th century doctrine that the United States had the right and duty to expand throughout the North American continent. (Rachael F)
 * Encomienda System - The Encomienda System was established in response to the colonists' needs for Indian labor. It was a means of providing a Spaniard a portion of land and restricted property rights over a certain number of Indians. Although it was implemented with the intention to care for and provide for the Native Americans, it became the most abusive and destructive system in colonial New Spain. (Rachael F)
 * Anecuyotl - Belt made of feathers, with a cone at the back.- Joey Burchard
 * Tehuebuelli- bamboo shield decorated with four clusters of fine eagle feathers.- Joey Burchard
 * Maxtlatl - loincloth decorated with images of dissevered limbs and fringed with amate paper.- Joey Burchard
 * Remostrated - to stay or plead in protest, objection, or disapproval.- Joey Burchard
 * __// Huitzilopochtli- most important God in the Aztec religion - Taylor P //__
 * Idolatry- the worship of images that represent God - Taylor P
 * Lacey Shoman
 * Puritanism: The belief in more strictness in religious discipline and the simplification of doctrine and worship(Lacey Shoman)
 * Kiva- a large chamber in pueblo indian villages used for ceremonies (Lacey Shoman)
 * Conquistador~ A conquistador is a Spanish adventurer or conqueror that spread out to claim land in the Americas(Lacey Shoman)
 * __// Visible Saints: people who felt the stirring of grace in their souls could demonstrate its presence to their fellow Puritans and should be admitted to church membership(LS) //__
 * Charter - a document, issued by a sovereign or state that outlines the conditions under which a corporation, colony, city, or other corporate body is organized, and defines its rights and privileges(LS)
 * Lord De La War- An Englishman who came to America in 1610. He brought the Indians in the Jamestown area a declaration of war from the Virginia Company. This began the four year Anglo-Powhatan War. De la War brought in "Irish tactics" to use in battle with the Indians. (Jessica Johnson)
 * Virginia Company- A joint-stock company: based in Virginia in 1607: founded to find gold and a water way to the Indies: confirmed all Englishmen that they would have the same life in the New World, as they had in England, with the same rights: 3 of their ships transported the people that would found Jamestown in 1607. ( Jessica Johnson)
 * Navigational Laws- In the 1660's England restricted the colonies; They couldn't trade with other countries. The colonies were only allowed to trade with England. (Jessica Johnson)
 * Puritans- They were a group of religious reformists who wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church. Their ideas started with John Calvin in the 16th century and they first began to leave England in 1608. Later voyages came in 1620 with the Pilgrims and in 1629, which was the Massachusetts Bay Colony. (Jessica Johnson)
 * Matrilineal Culture: The Women have power and possessions ( the Iroquios). Ashley Bates
 * Marco Polo: An Italian adventurer that went on an almost 20 year adventure in China. Ashley Bates
 * Contemporaries: A person belonging to the same time period as others. Ashley Bates
 * Martin Luther: a German Augustinian friar that started the protestant reformation in the 16th century by nailing his 95 thesis on the door of Wittneburg's Cathedral. Ashley Bates
 * Pope's Rebellion- a revolt by some 200,000 Pueblo people agaist the Spanish who never regained full control over the Southwest United States -Tomas Brandt
 * Pueblo Indians- a southwest American tribe who lived in clay brick homes which where built together and grew mostly corn and beans -Tomas Brandt
 * William Penn- a wealthy English Quaker who settled the Pennsylvania and published real estate notices and sent them all over the world -Tomas Brandt
 * French Indian War- also known as King George's War was fought by French settlers and their Native allies and British settlers because the France and England refused to fund large armies for their colonies, and France lost causing it to give the Louisiana Territory -Tomas Brandt
 * John Adams- the second president of the United States who was Federalist and was whose vice president was Thomas Jefferson a Democratic Republican -Tomas Brandt
 * Thomas Jefferson- the drafter of the Declaration of Independence who felt the purpose of a government is to provide for its people, later a Democratic Republician advisor to Washington, vice president to John Adams, and then the third president of the United States who removed the most controversal acts passed by the federal government, the Alien and Sedition Acts -Tomas Brandt
 * Federalists- a political party who felt that there should be a strong central government to unify and to some extent control the states -Tomas Brandt
 * Anti-Federalists- a political party who felt that there should be a weak central government if any and states should maintain their independence and freewill -Tomas Brandt
 * Sedition Act- a law passed by John Adams upon request of his cabinet, it prevented negative publications about the federal government and was a way for the Federalists to quiet the Demo Republicans, it was repealed when Thomas Jefferson took office because it violated the freedom of speech and press -Tomas Brandt
 * Alien Act- a law passed by John Adams upon request of his cabinet, it increased the number of years to become a citizen from five to fourteen, also repealed when Thomas Jefferson took office
 * Native Americans - indigenous peoples from North America now encompassed by the continental United States Mike Lubash
 * African Americans -Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Mike Lubash
 * Encomienda - the system where natives were captured and forced to believe in Christianity. (Merrick Johansen)
 * Maize - a staple crop of Southwestern Native Americans. (Merrick Johansen)
 * Joint Stock Company - an association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business. (Tom O'Brien)
 * Reconquista- trying to obtain land that was once lost. The Spanish participated in this trying to return land stolen from the Iberian Peninsula. (Tom O'Brien)
 * American Revolutionary War- Started in 1775 and ended in 1783. This is also known as the American Independence War. This is the war, where America was fighting to free themselves from the British. The Americans wanted to govern and be their own country. (Badia Saed)
 * Treaty of Paris- This treaty ended the American Revolutionary War in 1783. It was signed by Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay in September of 1783. It set the borders of the United States of America. It also made the British Troops that were still in the US to return to England. It gave the United States the power to rule their own country. (Badia Saed)
 * West Indies- The Caribbean area. This was where Columbus landed and he called them the West Indies because he thought he had landed on the west coast of India.
 * The main export from the West Indies was sugar. (Sarah Goth)
 * Juan Ponce Leon- Spanish explorer who discovered the Florida area. (Sarah Goth)
 * John Winthrop: first governor of the Massachusettes Bay Colony that aided the prosper of the colony through his view as the colonies as a "relgiious experiment" and his efforts in trade.
 * Eric G.
 * Metacom: Indian nicknamed King Phillip by the colonists that formed an alliance between the tribes to fight the colonies.


 * Voyageurs: Frenchmen in America that traveled around recruiting Native Americans to help them catch beavers and trade furs. Lacey O
 * Act of Toleration (1649): granted religious toleration to all Christians, but punished anyone, such as Jews and Atheists, that did not believe in Jesus. Lacey O
 * The Starving Time: The winter after Captain John Smith went back to England in 1609-1610. Colonists quit working and hunting and food supplies ran out. Hundreds of people starved to death. Only about 60 colonists survived this crisis.-Ellie Gebhardt
 * Penninsula: A piece of land that is surrounded on three sides by a body of water -Ellie Gebhardt


 * Freedom dues- Rewards given to indentured servants after they served their time. (Grif Berland)
 * Conquistador - a Spanish conquerer of mainly the sixteenth century in which, defeated Indian civilizations around Mexico and currently southern US. (Kyle Sherman)
 * Aztecs - A very smart Native American group that had a lot of gold, and was very powerful. Cortes came during the sixteenth century and dominated it. (Kyle Sherman)
 * House of Burgesses - The lower house of the legislature in colonial Virginia, in which people would come together to discuss and create new laws and topics of Virginia. (Kyle Sherman)
 * Headright System - This started in 1618 as an attempt to solve labor shortages for the tobacco economy. It was also a way to attract immigrants to Virginia. If a rich man paid for a person's voyage they would have to work for him for five to seven years, and after that time was up the indentured servant would get fifty acres of land. (Kyle Sherman)
 * New England Colonies - The northern colonies that included Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. (Kyle Sherman)
 * Middle Colonies - The colonies in between the New England and Southern colonies that include Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey.
 * Princeton - The fourth college to be founded in British North America. (Steve A)
 * James Otis - The Lawyer that defended the people that were pressumed guilty of smuggling sugar from the Carribean. His defense was that this was going against their right to be treated as English citizens. The judge said no because English citizens would be treated the same. (Kyle Sherman)
 * Declaration of Independence - The public act by which the Second Continental Congress, on July 4, 1776, declared the Colonies to be free and independent of England (Kyle Sherman).
 * The Constitution - The document that is supreme law in the United States, and shows how the goverentment is to be ran, it outlines the duty of each branch, and states the major laws in our society today, and of these the bill of rights is the most important, and comes from the rule of Britian over the colonies and what laws they disliked (Kyle Sherman).
 * Thomas Hutchinson - The judge of Otisis' case who said they were guilty because they are given equal rights as Englishmen. He is the highest power in all of the colonies. (Kyle Sherman)
 * Tariff - A list or system of duties imposed by a government on imported or exported goods. (Kyle Sherman)
 * Aristocracy - A government or state ruled by an aristocracy, elite, or privileged upper class. (Kyle Sherman)
 * Triangular Trade- Trade between the western coast of Africa, to the Caribben and North American colonies, back to England.(Steve A)
 * Melting Pot- a homogenoussociety becoming more hetergenous, an abundience of different cultures in one area
 * (Lubash)
 * Parlament- a legisture, mainly in those countries whose system of government is based on the Westminster system.(Lubash)
 * Parlement- mean to speak and a parlor is the speaker(lubash)
 * job market- the need for a specific job around the world (lubash)
 * Bostonian-colonist from Boston (Matt Dexheimer)
 * Expansionist- a colonist or settler expanding westward in the New World (Matt Dexheimer
 * Widowarchy - High mortality among husbands and fathers left many women in the Chesapeake colonies with unusual autonomy and wealth. (Ashley Parmly)
 * Indentured Servants - These were Englishmen that worked as slaves on the many tobacco plantations. (Ashley Parmly)
 * Headwright System - Indentured servants worked on plantations in return for their freedom in the New World. They would usually work for 5-7 years and then were granted money, land, and freedom. (Ashley Parmly)
 * City Upon a Hill - This was an idea, led by John Winthrop (Puritan leader), that described Puritan society. The hill was meant to portray the Puritans as being above all other societies and being closer to God than any other people. It was another method they used to try and establish their utopian society in the New World. (Ashley Parmly)
 * Poor Richards Almanac- Created by Ben Franklin, contained a list of aphorisims along with other things such as weather reports and poems. (Emily Konopka)
 * Aphorisms- denotations of original thought that are written in an easily memorable way. (Emily Konopka)
 * Rationalists- believed that truth could be found through logic and reason. (Emily Konopka)
 * Tenochtitlan- the capital of the Aztec empire (Merrick Johansen)
 * smallpox- a disease that was introduced to the New World by European settlers and ravaged Indian populations (merrick Johansen)
 * Albany Conference - An intercontinental meeting held in Albany, headed by Ben Franklin, to unite against France and other foes. - Anthony Szuhay
 * Cajun - A culture that came from the French Acadia, large population now in New Orleans. - Anthony Szuhay
 * New York- Charles II gave the New York area to his brother, the Duke of York, even though Charles II did not actually have control over the area, the Dutch did. (Sarah Goth)
 * Massachusetts Bay Colony- was granted a charter in 1629. John Winthrop was the leader of the Puritan church and he brought Puritans over while trying to create a utopian society.(Sarah Goth)
 * Imperialism- A country expanding their rule over another country because of natural resources. (Emily Konopka)
 * Process used by England to ensure raw materials were shipped to them before they were redistributed by the colonies. (Emily Konopka)
 * The Middle Passage - The Transatlantic sea voyage that brought slaves to the new world. (Merrick Johansen)
 * William Penn - a peace loving quaker that founded Pennsylvania and worked on good relations with Indians (Merrick Johansen)
 * Navigation Laws - All raw materials shipped out of the colonies had to go directly to England. (Ashley Parmly)
 * Jesvits - Catholic Missionaries with the goal of transforming the Native Americans to their faith. (Ashley Parmly)
 * Benedict Arnold - an American general that got appointed to command West Point, but then gave the strategic American fortification to the British. Later in the war he became a brigadier general for the British Army. (Bill Fell)
 * Patriots- people who were for freedom in the colonies (Bill Fell)
 * Benedict Arnold - an American general that got appointed to command West Point, but then gave the strategic American fortification to the British. Later in the war he became a brigadier general for the British Army. (Bill Fell)
 * Patriots- people who were for freedom in the colonies (Bill Fell)