Political+Vocabulary

Political Aspects of American History

Mayflower Compact: Signed aboard the Mayflower, this was the Pilgrims' version of a constitution, outlining their form of government and intentions in the New World. > John Rolfe- A major first settler of the Americas who married Pocahontas and discovered Orinoco tobacco Kelly A > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > -Hernan Cortes- a spanish conquistador funded by the King of Castile, that led a conquest of Mexico which resulted in the discovery of the Aztecs. Cortes was originally driven out of Mexico by the Aztecs, but when he returned he found that they were wiped out by disease he and the other Europeans left behind. (Brandon Grant) > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > -King Charles II- was the King of Enlgand, son of the decapitated King Charles the first, who was restored to the throne in 1660. He was responsible for pushing for more settlements in the New World where he drove out the Dutch, and took an administrative role over the colonies. (Brandon Grant) > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > -Autocracy- form of government where all the power is held by one self-appointed leader > Pocahontas: jumps in front of captain John Smith in order to save him from his sentenced death. She does not marry him though, she married John Rolfe. This results in many political problems. Ashton H > Charter - An official document issued by the leaders of a country that gives colonists all the rights of the citizens of their home country while they are in a new colony. This also protects them with military protection from their native nation. - Nathan McMahon > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > -Proclamation of 1763: Issued by the London government, it prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachian Mountains; it was designed to work out the Indian problem fairly and prevent bloody uprisings (Iris S) > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Lord Baltimore: The English noble who founded the American colony, Maryland as a safe haven for Roman Catholics. (Jared Hedges) > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > John Smith:one of the settlers of Jamestown who took control and began to make the other settlers work for food other than only thinking of gold and was saved by Pohcahantas, who also helped Smith with getting food and supplies while he was in charge Christina G.
 * Mike B

> > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Two-house Legislative Body: upper house choosen by crown in the royal colonies and proprietor in the proprietray colonies. lower house elected by the people who owned enough property to qualify as voters Christina G > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > -New England Confederation: Established on May 19, 1643. It was a political and military alliance of the British colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. Its purpose was to unite the Puritan colonies against the Native Americans. Scott H. -Lords Proprietors- eight court favorites of King Charles II, granted with an expanse of wilderness that became Carolina in 1670 (Iris S)
 * John Winthrop: Governer for Massachusetts Bay Colony, elected every year until he died. Anthony Szuhay
 * House of Burgesses - The lower house of the legislature in colonial Virginia, in which people would come together to discuss and create new laws and topics of Virginia. (Kyle Sherman)
 * Declaration of Independence - The public act by which the Second Continental Congress, on July 4, 1776, declared the Colonies to be free and independent of England (Kyle Sherman).
 * The Constitution - The document that is supreme law in the United States, and shows how the goverentment is to be ran, it outlines the duty of each branch, and states the major laws in our society today, and of these the bill of rights is the most important, and comes from the rule of Britian over the colonies and what laws they disliked (Kyle Sherman).
 * Aristocracy - A government or state ruled by an aristocracy, elite, or privileged upper class. (Kyle Sherman)
 * -Fundamental Orders: was created in 1639 for the Connecticut River colony. It consisted of the colony's structure and power. It has the features of a written constitution which gave Connecticut its nickname "The Constitution State". It also gave men the right to vote and allowed more men to be able to run for offical positions.

- Ben Franklin: Prominent political, social, and economical leader in the colonies. Often the voice to England on behalf of the colonies. Born in 1703, moved to Philadelphia at 17 years old in 1720. (Anthony Szuhay)

-Elizabeth I: (September 7, 1533 - March 24, 1503) Queen of England from November 17, 1558 until death. She was potrayed as vain, fickle, and predjudiced. She was a very succesfull ruler. She never married and was given the name of the "virgin queen". -Ryan H -Monteczuma- chief of the Aztec. He offers half of his gold to Hernan Cortes because he belived him to be a god.- Ryan H -Oliver Cromwell was King of England when Charles I was beheaded. When he died in 1658 Charles II takes the throne in a time known as the restoration period. Ryan H

-William Penn- An aristocratic englishmen who supported King Charles I (Lacey Shoman)

-Marbury v. Madison- A case that exercised judicial review in cases. (Tom O'Brien).

-Government of Quaker Penn.- had a representative assembly, no tax supported the church, allowed freedom of worship, and death penalty was only givin for treason and murder - J rosenberg

Albany Conference - An intercontinental meeting held in Albany, headed by Ben Franklin, to unite against France and other foes. - Anthony Szuhay

Peter Minuit- buys Manhattan from the Native Americans for approximately $24. He then names the island New Amsterdam. Scott H.

-Peter Stuyvesant- director-general of the Dutch New Amsterdam; he was forced to surrender the colony to the British in 1664 due to lack of ammunition- Hilde N

-Duke of York- brother of King Charles II. He was granted the land of New Netherlands by the king while it was still in the possession of the Dutch. After conquering the area, it was renamed New York in his honor. -Hilde N -Seditious Libel: This English common law made it a criminal offence to express discontent with any church or state issue. John Peter Zenger was charged with this for printing an article that criticised the governor of New York in his newspaper. House of Burgeses: This was the first form government in the original 13 colonies that allowed representation from its members. It first met on July 30th, 1619 in Jamestown, Virginia. (Grif Berland)

Edict of Nantes- Legislature passed in France in 1598 that granted limited toleration for Huguenots during the Protestant Reformation. (Ellie Gebhardt) Theocracy-government ruled by religious authority. (–Evan H) Mercantilism- The theroy and System in England in which all the raw materialsar in the colonies had to be sent to England so they can make money off of them. (Ashley Bates) Imperialism-Complete control over the other nations ( territorial ). Ashley B. Abdicate-to relinquish a sovereign power. Ellie G. Hereditary Aristocracy- government in which power is weilded by a small class of wealthy upper class and passed down through their families. Ellie Gebhardt. Townshend Acts- Five laws passed by the British Parialment in 1767 which raised revenue from the colonies, enforced trade regulations, and tightened control on New York. However, these would later be repealed due to wide-spread roiting; leaving only the tea tax enacted. Tomas Stamp Act- a law passed by the British Parialment in 1765 which put a legalized stamp on public documents in hopes of raising revenue from the colonies after the Seven Years' War, but was repealed due to wide-spread roiting. Tomas Brandt Identures Contract: a deal for indentured servants and their "masters", lasted 5 to 7 years, promised "freedom dues" after they have worked off thier debt, this contract didn't work in realty because after they were released their promisses were not given. ashton h -Head-right sytem-empolyed in both Virginia and Maryland to encurage the importantion of servant workers, whoever paid the passage for a worker who recieve 50 acres of land (Christina G) Double Jeopardy- the fifth amendment of the of the bill of rights know as double jeopardy protects a person's right to commit the same crime twice. Ryan H. -The Thirteenth Amendment: The amendment/law abolishing slavery in 1865. (Sara D) Governor William Berkeley - Appointed Governor of Virginia in 1642 at the age of thirty six. "Rich, white, land owner" cultivated silk, flax, cotton, and rice on his own land. John Pfeiffer Pennsylvania Gazette- Newspaper in which Benjamin Franklin published the most famous cartoons from the colonial era. Scott H. Militiamen- men enlisted in the army The Interregnum- The period of time after the English Civil War where England was under parliamentary and military rule of the Commonwealth of England. -Sara D Salutary Neglect- The British policy of avoiding strict laws on the Americas as long as they get resources in order to keep the American colonists obedient to Britain. Treaty of Utrecht- The Treaty after Queen Annes War which was signed in 1713 and created 30 years of peace in America. -Albany Plan of Congress: an official document that gathered military, taxes, and instilled preparation for battles in the colonies - Jessica Q. Samuel de Champlain: The explorer who founded Quebec and became known as the father of New France. - Nathan McMahon -Sons of Liberty- a secret organization of rebellious colonial patriots, who were against the acts of King George and Parliament. They many famous founding fathers including Paul Revere, Patrick Henry, James Otis, Samuel Adams, John Hancock, John Adams. (Brandon Grant) -William Pitt- offers colonies a comperomise being if there is colonial loyalty and miltary cooperation then Britain would reimburse colonial assemblys for their costs. (Ashley Neubeck) -Thomas Hutchinson- chief justice in Boston; oversaw James Otis's case (Iris S) --Patrick Henry: Rep. of HOB, wrote the famous speech: "give me liberty, or give me death" goes and protest against Britian's Stamp Act. ashton h --Direct tax: it taxes everyone no matter what and you know that it is taxed ashton h --indirect tax: hidden tax in a product (you do not know that the cost of that product is higher to pay for another cost (*walmart's property tax*) ashton h --Exices tax: a name for the tax on luxury items (alcohal, things not needed in life) ashton h

Parliament- The legistlature of Great Britain that passed laws for the colonies and the country of Great Britain; passed such laws like the Stamp Act and Sugar Act.( Burchard)

Sugar Act- a law passed by the British Parliament in 1764 raising taxes on foreign sugar imported by the colonies so as to give British sugar growers in the West Indies a monopoly on the colonial market.( Burchard) Stamp Act 1765-a direct tax that was charged to every printed document (Jenelle C) Currency Act- Put into place in 1764 in which Great Britain wished to force all of the colonies use an uniform currency sent from Great Britain (Lacey O). Writs of assistance- an addition to the Navigation Laws in 1761 in which all ships and storehouses could be searched without probable reason at any time in order to prvent the smuggling of sugar from the Carribean (Lacey O). Self-Incrimination- Exposing oneself to prosecution by giving evidence or testimony. (Anne Marie B) -Writs of Assistance- first established in 1761, the writs of assistance were measures taken by King George III to restructure the colonies and put an end to colonial smuggling; these included search and seizure without cause and the assumption that suspects were guilty until proven innocent. These writs led to tensions between the colonists and Britain, as the colonists felt that they were losing their rights as Englishmen. -Hilde N
 * Quartering Act of 1765-colonists must house and feed any British soldier that would appear on their door step
 * George Greenville - Prime Minister of England who set up his program of the Acts from 1763 to 1765. These included the Sugar Act, the Currency Act, the Quartering Act, and the Stamp Act. (Jared H.)

-James Otis- colonial lawyer who brought the case that the writs of assistance were violating the colonists' rights as Englishmen. He lost his case, which was overseen in England by Thomas Hutchinson; his challenge of royal measures marks a rallying cry of the colonists for their fundamental rights. -Hilde N Coronation- The event in which an heir, or heiress is crowned king or queen. (Ryan H.)

George Grenville's Program- Started in 1763 and ended in 1765.This program was supposed to help England get out of Debt. This program included 4 Acts. The Sugar Act, the Currency Act, the Quartering Act, and the Stamp Act. The program only lasted 2 years because it was costing England a lot more money to enforce these acts. Badia Saed

James Otis's Case~ was the protection of a citizen's private property must be held in higher regard than a parliamentry statute. Badia Saed

House of Commons- The British headquarters for making and enforcing laws in Britain and the colonies. (Evan H) Intolerable Acts-A series of laws put in place by Britain to tighten control on the colonies. They sparked outrage from colonists resulting in outbursts like the Boston Tea Party. (Evan H) -Democracy: is a system of government in which either the actual governing is carried out by the people governed, or the power to do so is granted by them. (Nicole Chiappetti) -John Adams- the 2nd President after George Washington, follower of Andrew Hamilton's Ideas and created the Alien and Sedation Acts because he believed it would end an internal revolution from starting. He went against the war in France and made many enemies due to his decisions. He was known as the worst president even though he did the most while in office. (Nicole Chiappetti) -Conservatives: People who favor traditional views and values, tending to avoid change. (Nicole Chiappetti) -Unicameral Congress- One-House legislature that was the system ran by Articles of Confederation. (Tom O'Brien) Fiscal Policy- Use of government spending and revenue collection to influence the economy (Tom O'Brien) Loyal Nine- 9 merchants and lawyers (1765) that launched waves of protest against the stamp act. John Pfeiffer -Paxton Boys- A vigilante group that was responsible for the murders of up to twenty native americans. They were also known for settling west of the appalachians to intentionally spite the Proclamation of 1763. (Brandon Grant) -Stamp Act Congress of 1765- A group of colonists from 9 of the 13 colonies that met in Federal Hall in New York, and discussed actions against the recently passed stamp act. Officers were Timothy Ruggles and John Cotton. (Brandon Grant) Bill Of Rights- A bill made up on December 15 1791, which included ten amendments that solved issues brought on by the Writs of Assistance (Kelly A) Townshend Acts- Put in place by the British so the colonies could upkeep their finances and troops.(Kelly A) Tea Act- created in 1773, the British East India Company put a complete monopoly ove the British tea imports to the colonies in which no middle man was needed. This upsetted many of the colonial merchants (Lacey Olson). -Committees of Correspondence- an organization represented by 11 colonies whose purpose was to expand the colonial resistance movement and spread news throughout the colonies concerning incidents with the British; it laid the foundations for the First Continental Congress. -Hilde N -Quebec Act of 1774- a British act that allowed France to inhabit and trade in the Ohio River Valley and reclaim the territories lost to Spain after the French and Indian War; it was put into place to remind the rebellious colonists of their dependence on Great Britain. -Hilde N -Olive Branch Petition- adopted by the Continental Congress in July of 1775, professed American loyalty to the crown and begged the king to prevent further hostilities (Iris S) Administration of Justice - This was instituted by Great Britain in the 1774 Coercive Acts. It reinstated the Writs of Assistance. (Jared H.) - Second Continental Congress in 1775- involved all 13 colonies and ended the war between Ma. and Britain. The congress created the OliveBranch Petition which was denied by King George III. ( T Pooley) -Declaratory Act is put in the same day as stamp act is removed and gives parliment right to make laws on colonies when they see fit. (Ashley Neubeck) - Declatory Act- allowed Parliment to make whatever laws they saw fit in the colonies. (Rachael F) First Continental Congress- Met in Philadelphia in 1774, established grievences against the British crown as well as called for a boycott of British made goods. (Grif B.) - Government Act: An act the revoked the Massachussetts Charter, along with new Quartering Act, Boston was put under Marshall Law. (Anthony Szuhay) Sons of Liberty- a group of terrorists in Boston who wanted to slow down the progress of the king- (Sarah Goth) Federalist- A person in favor of a strong central government. (Emily Konopka) Anti-Federalist- believed in the power of the states and the people. (Emily Konopka) Republic - A political society where power flows from the people themselves, not from a corrupt monarch. - Nathan McMahon Boston Port Act- Britain's response to the Boston Tea Party. It blocked the port of Boston from ships loading and unloading goods. (Evan H) Articles of Confederation: America's first "constitution", this government outline gave too much power to the states and not enough to the central government.- Mike B.- Anarchy- The act of going against the central government. Or lack of a strong government. - John Pfeiffer -Republican Motherhood: Women got a newly prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience. (Kenny K.) -Mobocracy: The mass of common people as the source of political control or the mob as a ruling class. (Kenny K.) Cabinet- The personal aides that the President appoints: the first cabinet positions were created in 1789 with the Secretaries of State, Treasury, and war, along with the Attorney general.-Mike B. Treaty of Paris- treaty between Britain and the colonists that ended the Revolutionary War and granted independance to America. Tjones President- one appointed or elected to preside over an organized body of people, such as an assembly or meeting. Scott H. - Land Ordinance of 1785- A red letter law which stated that disputed land the Old Northwest was to be equally divided into townships and sold for federal income; promoted education and ended confusing legal disagreements over land. ( Jessica Johnson) - Three-Fifths Compromise- The three-fifths compromise was where a black slave was counted as three-fifths of a person when they were counting the population. The southern states wanted them counted as one whole person for more representatives in the House of Representatives. The northern states did not want them counted at all. ( Jessica Johnson) Civic Virtue- the idea that democracy depended on citizens committing to the new country. (Sarah Goth) Constitutional Convention- also known as the Philadelphia Convention. It was held in 1787 and the purpose of it was to fix the problems with the Articles of Confederation and improve the government. Annapolis Convention- took place in 1786 in an effort to address commerce and trade problem within the colonies. Overall it was a failure because only twelve representives from five states showed up (Lacey Olson). Coercive Acts- also known as the Intolerable Acts of 1774, the British closed the Boston Harbor, the Massachusetts Charter is revoked, British troops could kick a person out of their home if they needed to stay somewhere, and the Writs of Assistance is reestablished (Lacey Olson). -Republic- a government system in which the people, who are entitled to, vote for representatives and there is not a monarch or hereditary head of state. (Rachael F) - Legislative branch- is formed by the House of Representatives and the senate. They have the authority to create and change laws. (T Pooley) -Judicial branch- the people are appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate. They have the authority to interpret and apply the laws. (T Pooley) Virginia Plan- the notion of making a legislative body by electing representatives based on the population of the state.(Ellie Gebhardt) New Jersey Plan- the notion of making a legislative body in which the number of representatives elected by each state is the same. (Ellie Gebhardt) -Three Fifths Compromise- any vote that came from any man other than a white man counted as three fifths of a vote. This kept the South from dominating elections because they had such a high population of people who were a race other than white. (Rachael F) Philadelphia Convention (constitutional convention)- The orignal intent of this convention was to strengthen the Articles of Confederation but instead led to the framework of the American Constitution. (Grif B.) Connetticut Compromise- also known as the Great Compromise of 1787 or Sherman's Compromise, want as an agreement between large and small states reached during the of Philidaphia Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution It proposed a bicameral legislature , resulting in the current United States Senate and House of Representatives(Christina G) anti-federalist- dictate that the central governing authority of a nation should be equal or inferior to, but not having more power than, its state government (Christina G) Veto- the power or right vested in one branch of a government to cancel or postpone the decisions of another branch, especially the right of a president, governor, or other chief executive to reject bills passed by the legislature. Scott H. Federalist Papers- a series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Cons Ntitution. Scott H. Division of Powes- Article three section one of the American Constitution States that the govenment's power shall be seperated into three distinct departments, the executive branch, judicial branch, and the legislative branch. (Ryan H.) Antifederalist Papers- a rebuttal of the Antifederalists in New York against the //Federalist Papers,// expressing concerns about the existing Constitution. -Hilde N //Federalist No. 10//- written by James Madison as part of the Federalist papers, it contested the Antifederlaist fear that the rights of the citizens would be attacked by claiming that the nation's diversity would make it difficult to organize and unify a cause that seeks to infringe on individual rights. -Hilde N John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton- the primary Federalist authors of the //Federalist Papers// in New York; other distinguished Federalists included George Washington and Ben Franklin. -Hilde N Virginia Plan- a proposal that the legislature would have representation based on population, favoring the large states; this developed in the House of Representatives. -Hilde N New Jersey Plan- a proposal that the legislature would have an equal amount of representation for each state, favoring the small states; this developed into the Senate. -Hilde N Electoral College- a membership to which would be elected by the individual states: The Senate and the House of Representatives. -Sara D Democratic Republican- a form of government embodying democratic principles where the monarch is not head of state, the head of state is elected by the people. -Sara D Senate- part of the Legislative branch of U.S. government where equal representation is present. This means that in the Senate, every state, regardless of population, has exactly two representatives. (Evan H) Bicameral Legislature- governing style in which two legislative branches or divisions work towards a goal. (Evan H) Alien and Sedition Acts: Passed by Congress in 1798, these laws were designed to "protect the United States from alien citizens of enemy powers and to stop seditious attacks from weakening the government". This was in the midst of America's undeclared naval war with France. -Mike B Aaron Burr: The Vice President to Thomas Jefferson from 1801 to 1805. Burr and Jefferson recieved the same number of votes in the electoral college, and only lost to Jefferson after the 36th ballott in the House of Representatives. Burr is also famous for mortally wounding Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804. Mike B. Ratify- to accept or approve of a peice of legislature from the government. All the states had to ratify the Constitiution. Tjones Richard Henry Lee - President of Continental Congress from 1784 till 1785. Nathan McMahon Peyton Randolph - The first president of the Continental Congress, elected in 1774. Nathan McMahon -Compact Theory: Both Jefferson and Madison stressed this theory; as applied by the Jeffersonians, this concept meant that the thirteen sovereign states, in creating the federal government, had entered into a compact regarding its juristiction. (Kenny K.) __Four Laggard States (last states to join with the Constitution) asthon h__ 1-2 Georgia and New York: they were bothe economic giants, could have held off from signing and been okay, and were affraid to give a centralized power because they copuld lose thier trading rights. ashton h 3-4 North Carolina and Rhode Island: just didn't want to and hopped on the "bag wagon" when it came to decision time (they would have been surrounded by other states that were apart of the Constitution and teamed up against) ashto h -Alexander Hamilton- the first united states secretary of the treasury, he emphsized a strong central government and created the idea of making a national debt for the newly founded united states, he also created the first bank of the united states- J Rosenberg -Protective Tariff of 1789- a tax imposed on imported-manufactured goods, developed by Alexander Hamilton, in order protect domestic producers and raise a small amount of revenue. (Brandon Grant). -Democratic Republicans- one of the original political parties in the United States, founded by Thomas Jefferson, that strongly believed in the protection of individuals' rights and free markets, and generally opposed the creation of the Constitution. (Brandon Grant) -New Jersey had a loop hole which allowed women to vote and at that time only white land owning men were allowed to vote (Ashley Neubeck). -Congress has the power to determine when elections are and the qualifications (Ashley Neubeck). -Checks and Balances- The Executive, Judicial, and Legislative branches of the government each watch over and have some say in what the other branches do in order to make each of the three branches are equal (Ashley Neubeck).

3/5 Compromise- This compromise ensured that the South would not dominate and that slaves count as 3/5 of a person or vote (Lacey S) Bicamerical legislature- A two house senate : upper and lower house (Lacey S) The Great Compromise- In 1787 it was decided upon that each state would be represented by population in the House of Representatives and would also be represented equally in the Senate. (Grif B.)

Neutrality Proclamation: Washington's declaration to not take sides in the French Revolution. This was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. -Democratic Republican- a pure democracy in which you vote for people directly, electing the people who will vote for them (Ashley Neubeck) Industrial Revolution- the changes in economical and social aspects of England in the 1760's and later on in the United States by the expansion of machinery and technology. National Bank - This was one of the most controversial and significant debates in the first years of our country. Its main purpose was to establish a line of credit, required by the growing debt of the States. The major advocate of centralizing the nation's currency, debt, and credit was Alexander Hamilton. (Jared H.)

Farewell Address- The Farewell Address was a document by George Washington in 1796, for his retirment from office. It was printed in newspapers. Most of it was devoted to domestic problems. He stressed that we should stay away from permanent alliances with foreign countries; temporary alliances wouldn't be quite as dangerous, but they should be made only in "extraordinary emergencies". He also spoke against partisan bitterness. ( Jessica Johnson) The Kentucky and Virgina Resolution- The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were put into practice in 1798 by Jefferson and James Madison. These resolutions were secretly made to get the rights back taken away by the Alien and Sedition Acts. These resolutions also brought about the later compact theory which gave the states more power than the federal government. (Jessica Johnson) Secretary of State - The head of the U.S. Department of State. (Nathan McMahon) Secretary of the Treasury - The head of the Treasury Department. (Nathan McMahon) Marbury v. Madison: First time the Supreme Court rules a law "Unconstitutional", overturning the Judiciary Act of 1789 - Mike B.

Neutrality Act: Passed in 1794, this law prohibits American citizens from enlisting in any foreign country's army -Mike B. Judiciary Act- created in 1789 so that a federal court system was created and that the president could elect judges and create federal courts (Lacey Olson). 12th Amendment- the rule that the presidental and vice-presidental canidates had to be on the same political party, brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie (Lacey Olson). -Edmund Randolph- The first united states attorney general (1789) who was appointed directly by Washington. He was a good friend of Washington and was a military genious. He later on became secretary of state. -Henry Knox- Was the nations first secretary of war and he was also directly appointed by Washington. He urged for a national militia and a national navy. He also created many coastal fortifications and Fort Knox.

Land Ordinance of 1785- The money from townships is used to pay off debt (Lacey S) Republican Motherhood- The idea that mothers are responsible for teaching their kids about the voting process and how to be an American (lacey S)

Treaty of Utrecht of 1713~ separated Spain and France. It was document upon document, multiple documents took place just to make sure that this one would be respected and followed. It created a balance of power. (Badia Saed).

Electoral College: The House of Representatives and the Senate are the sole voters of the Presidential elction in order to prevent the rule of the mob (Jessica Q)

Pinckney's Treaty of 1795: granted Americans everything they demanded from Spain (Jessica Q)

The XYZ Affair: Paris asked President Adams to pay a huge bribe because of diplomatic business (Jessica Q)

Judiciary Act of 1801- Reduced the amount of Supreme Court justices from six to five.- Joey Burchard

Marbury v. Madison- First time the Supreme Court considered an idea unconstitutional.- Joey Burchard -Treaty of San Lorenzo: This was a treaty signed between the United States and Spain. It allowed the United States to gain the Mississippi river with the boundary and the rights to trade in New Orleans. (T Pooley) -John Marshall- Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams. Cousin of Thomas Jefferson. Had much influence over American legal tradition still used today. (Grif B.) -Jay's Treaty- it was between the Unites States and Britain, it was an agreement that Britain would remove all their troops from Northwestern Territory, but in return Britain is given trade rights with U.S creating uneasy economic alliance, and it was agreed upon by a split congress. Bipartisan- representing or containing two viewpoints of both government parties (Matt Dexheimer) Capitalism- an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations (Matt Dexheimer) Treaty of Ghent - Signed in 1814, this treaty ended Britain and the United States' conflict with each other in the War of 1812. (Jared H.) Tecumseh - The leader of the Native American Shawnee tribe and the organizer of the confederation of Native American tribes who opposed the United States in Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812. (Jared H.) Midnight Judges-a group of judges that John Adams appointed into office on his last night of duty fully knowing that these judges would have to serve for life. He did this so that despite the fact a Democratic-Republican president was taking over Federalism could still have a foothold in the government with new Federalist judges (Lacey Olson). Non-Intercourse Act- an act created on March 1, 1809 to replace the Embargo Act and reopen trade with all nations except for France and England, done so that these two countries could recognize America's neutrality (Lacey Olson). Compact Theory- The Compact theory was popular among the English political philosophers in the eighteenth century. In America, it was supported by Jefferson and Madison. It meant that the thirteen states, by creating the federal government, had entered into a contract about its jurisdiction. The national government was the agent of the states. This meant that the individual states were the final judges of the national government's actions. The theory was the basis for the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions passed in 1798. ( Jessica Johnson) Conventon of 1800 Treaty- signed in Paris and ended France's peacetime military alliance with America. Napoleon was eager to sign this treaty so he could focus his attention on conquering Europe and perhaps create a New World empire in Louisiana. This ended the "quasi-war" between France and America. ( Jessica Johnson) Monroe Doctrine: Stated that any foriegn colonization in the Western Hemisphere would mean war with the United States. -Mike B. Revolution of 1800: The switch from Federalist to Democratic Republican power in government with the election of Jefferson as President. -Mike B. Bonus Bill of 1817- This bill was passed by Congress to give states $1.5 million for internal improvements, but it was immediately vetoed by Pres. Madison. In his opinion, he believed states should pay for their own improvements. ( Jessica Johnson) Land Act of 1820- The Land Act of 1820 was an act replacing the Land Act of 1800. It was a result of the depression, bank failures, bankruptcies, soup kitchens, unemployment, etc. of 1819. The original Land Act allowed Americans to buy 160 acres of land (minimum) at $2.00 an acre over a period of four years. The Land Act of 1820 offered less acreage, but it also cost less. It allowed Americans to buy 80 acres at $1.25 an acre. This helped to calm the westerners when they demanded cheaper land. ( Jessica Johnson) Hartford Convention - Connecticut and Massachusetts decide to band together and separate from the States, in order to preserve their federalist ideals. (Jared H.) Missouri Compromise- On March 6, 1820, the Senate and House of Representatives made a compromise that allowed Massachusetts' northernmost counties to apply to the Union as a nonslave state known as Maine while Missouri would be admitted as a slave state. In addition, slavery would be forbidden north of the latitude line that runs along the southern Missouri Border for the rest of the Lousiana Territory. Scott H. -Era of Good Feelings-(1817-1825) a time period in which there was only one active political party, due to the dismemberment of the Federalist party, and there were very few political disagreements. (Brandon Grant) Corrupt Bargin- took place during the Election fo 1824 in which Henry Clay lost the run for president but Jackson or John Quincy Adams did not recieve the majority so the vote went to the House of Representatives. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House so he got to determine who won the presidential race. Clay chose John Quincy Adams in return for being his Secretary of State (Lacey Olson). Tariff of Abominations-the protective tariff of 1828 in which the tax was raised on imported manufactured goods. It favored the north, but angered the south who said it was unconstitutional (Lacey Olson). //Dartmouth College v. Woodward// - The Supreme Court case dealing with New Hampshire's attempts to takeover a private university. In the end, the Supreme Court prohibited this, dealing yet another blow to states' individual power. (Jared H.) //Gibbons v. Ogden// - The Supreme Court case dealing with the disputes between New Jersey and New York over river trade. The Supreme Court declared in response that only Congress could regulate interstate commerce. (Jared H.) Nicholas Biddle- The President of the Second Bank of the United States, who got into the "Bank War" of 1832 with President Andrew Jackson when he tried to recharter the Bank before its precious one had expired. -Mike Beckman John Calhoun- South Carolinian politician who served as Jackson's Vice President, until he was asked to resign. He was an advocate for nullification, and ended up being a fierce enemy of Jackson. -Mike Beckman Martin vs. Hunter's Lessee-upheld the right for the supreme court to review decisions made by state courts (Lacey Olson). Worchester vs. Georgia-gave Native American tribes the right of sovereign entities with their own governing powers, Jackson and Georgia did not follow this ruling (Lacey Olson).