Military+Vocabulary+(Battles+and+Conflict)

Major Battles and Conflicts of American History

-French and Indian War- A major part of the Seven Years' war which was a war fought in North America between 1754 and 1763 against the French and British with allied Native Americans on both sides (Kelly A) -Spanish Armada- a naval battle (part of the Anglo-Spanish War), was fought between Queen Elizabeth and her hired "sea dogs", led by Francis Drake, and the Spanish Royal Navy, led by Philip II of Spain, in the English Channel. The English ultimately won the battle and were set apart as the premier naval force of the world. (Brandon Grant) - Bacon's Rebellion: A rebellion led against Governor Berkeley by Nathaniel Bacon in order to try and demand land and other promised things for the freed indentured servants. -Sara D -Tuscarora War: A war fought in North Carolina between Dutch, British and German settlers, and a local American Indian tribe from September 1711-February 11, 1715. -Sara D -Anglo-Powhatan Wars: Two wars fought between English and the Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy. The first war was 1609- 1614. Second war was 1644-1646 and ended with the Indians being forced off their land. -Anne Marie B -Battle of Scheveningen:Called a bloodless battle because the Dutch forfeited due to England's superior military numbers and handed New Netherlands over to the English and renamed it New York. (D McGrath) -Second Anglo Dutch War: England tried to eliminate Dutch's world trade and failed. This would lead to future English renewed warfare. (D McGrath) -American Revolutionary War- Started in 1775 and ended in 1783. This is also known as the American Independence War. This is the war, where America was fighting to free themselves from the British. The Americans wanted to govern and be their own country. (Badia Saed) -Treaty of Paris- This treaty ended the American Revolutionary War in 1783. It was signed by Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay in September of 1783. It set the borders of the United States of America. It also made the British Troops that were still in the US to return to England. It gave the United States the power to rule their own country. (Badia Saed) -King George's War/ War of Austrian Succession- France allied with Spain and New Englanders, with the help of the British fleets, invaded New France and took the French fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Islads and commanded St. Lawrence River (Christina G) -War of Jenkin's Ear- unjust set from the treaty of 1713 and the British captain Jenkins was captured by the Spanish revunue commander and his ear was sliced off by a sword. The Spanish commander sneered, "Carry this home to the King, your master, whom, if he were present, i would serve in like fashion." The war was confined to the Caribbean Sea and Georgia. (Christina G) - Protestant wind- a devastating storm that arose in the English Channel in 1588; scattered the crippled Spanish fleet of invading ships (Iris S) -Pequot Indians- massacred by a force of Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, and Plymouth colonists. The tribe was virtually eliminated. Scott H. -Marquis Montcalm: French commander when war is formally declared in 1756 - Jessica Q. Fort Duquesne- French fortification captured by General Braddock in 1755. (Grif Berland) -Battle of Montreal (1760): Final battle in Canada in the French-Indian War; removed France's dominance in Canada. Eric G. -Battle of Quebec (1759): Opened the passage by sea to Montreal with a British/American victory. Both commanders (James Wolfe and Marquis de Montcalm) died, but the French surrendered by a daring move by Wolfe before his death. Eric G. -King Phillip's War-A War that was engaged between the Natives and the Colonists along with their Native Allies. 3,000 out of 20,000 Native Americans lost their lives making it one of the costliest wars in Colonial America. (D McGrath) -Pequot War-A war from 1634-1638 between the English colonies and their Native allies against the Pequot Indian Tribe. This led to the extermination of the Pequot people. (D McGrath) -Battle of Lexington: The battle that begins the Revolutionary War. Known as the battle with the "shot heard around the world". (Sara D) -St. Bartholomew's Day 1572- A massacre in Paris, France. Ten thousand Protestant Huguenots were killed by Roman Catholics. Scott H. - Mercenaries- A mercenary is a person hired for service in the army of a foreign country. For example, in the late 1760's King George III hired soldiers to fight in the British army against Americans. (Jessica Johnson) - Battle of Fort Duquesne ( Present Pittsburg)- British attempt to eliminate French presence in North America. Led by Edward Braddock who was attacked by 1500 French and Indian forces. Lost, but expelled France from Louisiana and moved the Acadians(French Catholics) to Louisiana. ( Jessica Johnson) -Battle of Fort Necessity- The battle between the French and British soldiers under Lt. Col. Washington who was on non-official orders to occupy the Ohio River Valley, this was credited for being the start of French and Indian War. (Tomas Brandt) -Treay of Paris- Britain, Spain, and, France signed it to end the Seven Years' War in 1763. It gave French Canada, trading posts in India, and all land east of the Mississippi to Britain. It gave Spain all land west of Mississippi and New Orleans. (Tomas Brandt) - Proclamation Line of 1763: created by King George III and And prohibited the colonists from moving westward past the Appellation mountains. (T Pooley - Writs of Assistance (1761): created by King George III and allowed the government to search anything without a warrant. (T Pooley) -Admiralty Courts- Admirals of a ship are the jury and the judge. Gulity until proven innocent. (Emily Konopka) Pontiac's Rebellion 1763- Ottowa Indians took over 8 forts, the most significant being Detriot and Pittsburg. (Emily Konopka) -Lightning Sticks: Champlain entered into friendly relations with Huron Indian tribes and joined them in battle against the Iroquois. France earned the lasting enmity of the Iroquois tribes by shooting their "lightning sticks" or guns at the Iroquois and scaring them away. (Kenny K.) - General Edward Braddock- A famous british commander of america who was the commander over young george washington and died and caused the english to lose the battle of fort duquesne -Queens Anne's war- was one of the four world wars at the time, counterpart of the war of spanish succession, was a fight between france and england for the north american continent, resulted in an english victory and the treaty of utrecht was passed Empire- a group or nation of peoples who are ruled by an emperor powerful government (Matt Dexheimer) Guerilla Warfare- Tactic used by the Colonial Milatary Organizations, a fighting style that took advantage of wooded areas due to hiding behind trees, firing your weapon, and hiding again. John Pfeiffer -Continental Army- a hastily improvised army commanded by General George Washington (Iris S) -Hessians- The name given to the European mercenaries by the Americans. This name was generated from the large amount of King George's soldiers coming from the German principality of Hesse. Scott H. - Patriots- loyal to America and were usually commoners. Some of the patriots were Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams (T Pooley) -Shays' Rebellion: an uprising in Massachusetts of mostly farmers known as "Shaysites" or "Regulators" led by Daniel Shays against the debt and taxes. (Sara D) -General Gage: a British army officer that was in charge of the battle at Breeds Hill, sending the British troops up the hill three times to defeat the colonists, even after about 1000 casualties. (Sara D) -Minutemen-A highly mobile, rapidly deployed force that allowed the colonies to respond minutes after threats in the Revolutionary War. (Danny M) -John Parker-Commanded the Lexington Militia in the Battle of Lexington. Also gained experience in the Seven Years War.(Danny M) -Crispus Attucks- Leader of the mob that provoked British soldiers to fire upon a group of colonists in the Boston Massacre. (Grif B.) -Benedict Arnold- An American general who became a traitor. (Anne Marie B.) -Horatio Gates- A English born American general who beat Burgoyne. (Anne Marie B.) -Battle of Bunker Hill- A battle on June 17, 1775 fought mostly on Breed's Hill which resulted in a British victory, and showed that the colonists were able to moderately stand up to the British army. -Nicholas Gass Battle of Lexington- British troops were ambushed by minutemen on their way from Boston to Concord. They were trying to find supplies that would have aided rebels but Paul Revere and William Dawes warned the colonists that they were coming. This is where the "shot heard around the world' took place. -Battle of Trenton-December 26th, 1776 Washington crossed the Delaware River, North of Trenton, New Jersey to fight against Hessian soldier garrisoned at Trenton. With little struggle the Hessian soldiers were catpured and the battle boosted the Continental Army's morale and re-inpires enrollment (Christina G) -Divide and Conquere- the classic British strategy that cut an enemy in half so they cannot form an organized force like when Burgoyne moved his army to cut the New England colonies off from the Middle and Southern colonies.(Tomas Brandt) Battle of Saratoga- a battle on Octoberber 17th of 1777 in northern New York with General John Burgoyne leading some 5,000 British soldiers and their families whom were surronded and captured by American general, Horatio Gates Bayonet- a rifle with an affixed blade often used in the eighteenth century by European nations, including England.(Ellie Gebhardt) Valley Forge- the location which Washington selected as a camp for the Continental army during the winter of 1777. (Ellie Gebhardt) - Rochambeau- Comte de Rochambeau joined the French army during the Seven Years War and when the French had decided to ally with Washington in the American Revolution he was appointed to General of 6,000 French troops. He would then help Washington surround Cornwallis which cuases the surrender and defeat of the British army in the American Revolution. (Ryan H.) - Battle of Long Island- August 27, 1776 battle in New York during the Revolutionary War. The British win and force General George Washington and his troops out of New York. (Ryan H.)

Battalion- military unit with around 1000 to 1500 soldiers consisting of companies. (Kelly A.) Brigade- a military unit that contains 2 to 5 regiments or battalions. (Kelly A) Attritia- a tactic of fighting to prolong the war until the enemy runs out of supplies. (Brandon Grant) Insurgent warfare- a tactic of wearing down enemy motivation and mental status. (Brandon Grant) -Baron Von Steuben- served as the inspector general of the continental army, was responsible for teaching the continental army the essentials of military drill and discipline, he also wrote the revolutionary war drill manual (J Rosenberg) -Quasi-War- a period of tensions with France and its ally, Spain which was headed by Major General Hamilton who planned on attacking Spain's North American colonies, Louisiana and Mexico, and was ended by Hamilton openning neogations with the French -Milita- a group of citizens enrolled for military service The Society of the Cincinnati- it was created in 1783 to protect the honored pledges that was made to the officers that fought for America's Independence. Badia Saed -Whiskey Rebellion- The government was deep in debt so during the winter of 1791 both houses Congress approved a bill that put an excise tax on whiskey. The rebellion took place throughout the western frontier and the biggest concern about the tax was the revenues would support the national government, which the western people felt was not representing them well. (Ashley Neubeck) -French Revolution- revolution that began in 1789 that ended the thousand-year rule of kings in France and established the nation as a republic. Scott H. -Battle of Fallen Timbers- (August 20, 1794)- the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between American Indian tribes with the Western Confederacy and the United States for control of the Northwest Territory. Scott H. Rule of 1756- a rule instated by the British in which a neutral country could not trade with two warring countries at the same time (Lacey Olson). Battle of Thames- The Battle of Thames was fought at the River Thames in Canada on October 13, 1813. In this battle, the redcoats were overtaken by General Harrison and his army after they had withdrawn from Fort Malden. A Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, fought for the British and lost his life. With his death came the death of his confederacy. ( Jessica Johnson) Treaty of Mortefontaine- The document declaring peace between France and the US after the Quasi War on September 30, 1800. It also established trade ties between the nations. (Sara D) The Treaty with Tripoli- A treaty with the Barbary State Tripoli signed by John Adams in 1796 to keep peace with them. (Danny M) First Barbary War- A battle fought between the Barbary States and the United States when they sent ships to Blockade Tripoli when they refused to pay an increase in the Treaty with Tripoli. (Danny M) Second Barbary War-A war fought between America, Great Britain, and Ireland against the Barbary State Tripoli. This war resulted in the United States paying tribute to the Pirate States. (Danny M) Second Treaty with Tripoli- Tripoli agreed with terms of peace with the United States after losing the First Barbary War in 1805. (Danny M) Battle of Tippecanoe- Battle fought by the Americans and native indian tribes.- Joey Burchard Chesapeake Affair- in 1807 British warship the Leopard attacked the American frigate the Chesapeake. (Sarah Goth) -Neutrality- not choosing a side and not having an opinion on who wins or loses in a battle, George Washington chose Neutrality on the French Revolution (Matt Dexheimer) -Mr. Madison's War- the imminent war with British troops and the Native Americans because of James Madison's actions (Matt Dexheimer) -Tripolitan War- a primarily naval conflict between the United States and the Four Barbary states belonging to France, from 1801-1805. It resulted from US merchant ships being attacked by Barbary pirates, and ended with the capture of Derna. (Brandon Grant) Battle of New Orleans - the last major battle between Britain and the United States in the War of 1812. Fought in January of 1815, it began with Britain's attempt to take New Orleans, but ended with an American victory led by Andrew Jackson (Jared H.) - Seminole Wars- also known as the Florida Wars. Consisted of three conflicts between Native Americans, known as Seminoles, and the United States in Florida. Scott H. -Civil War- beginning April 12, 1861- April 9, 1865, was known as the war between the states, the south feared they were losing control in the federal government, and to make sure there was still a balance in Congress between slavery states and non-slavery they started a war (Nicole Chiappetti)