NC+Chapters+1-6

=__ Chapter 1 New World Beginning 33,000B.C. – A.D. 1769 __= ==· The shaping of North America == 10 million years ago nature sculpted the basic geological shape, Rivers and troughs created the interiors of California, Oregon and Washington. The glaciers 2 million years ago left the landscape transformed. The Canadian Shield’s level was depressed by the weight of the mantle; topsoil was scored away, leaving a rocky surface with depressions which the melting glaciers formed lakes. Since the Great lakes were deprived of both inflow and drainage the giant lake became a gradual shrinking inland sea. Soon evaporating leaving a mineral-rich desert and the Great Salt Lake. Bonneville’s former vastness can be seen 1,000 ft. above the dry floor of the Great Basin. ==· Peopling the Americas == When Siberia and Alaska were bridged together due to the level of the water dropping some bands of Asians hunters came across, which occurred for 250 centuries to hunt. America became an isolated continent. By 1492, 54 million people may have been inhabited in the two American continents. 2000 languages were formed, developing many diverse religions, cultures and ways of life. For example, the Incas in Peru, Mayans in Central America and Aztecs in Mexico. The Indians fed a large amount of the population, 20 million in Mexico alone. The religions caused many sacrificed deaths. These people were very intelligent and talented. ==· The Earliest Americans == Everything began developing and civilization was created slowly mashing some tribes together, while others took their time developing, but when the drought hit in 1300 A.D. the ancient cultures fell into a decline. “Three sister” farming began about 1000 A.D. Beans were grown on the trellis of cornstalks and squash covering the planting mounds to retain moisture in the soil. The Iroquois Confederacy developed the political skills and organization to sustain a robust military alliance that menaced its neighbors. Women had rights in the native people. There was only about 4 million native Americans when the Europeans arrived. Scandinavians found America but soon abandoned it and spoke of it in song and saga. Marco Polo who thought he was in China. Christian Crusaders from 11 to 14 century wrestled the Holy land from Muslim control. ==· Europeans Enter Africa == The advanced building of ships led to this. Trading posts were promptly setup for the purchase of gold and slaves. Slavery by its very nature inhabited the expression of regional African cultures and tribal identities. To the South and East Portugal controlled African coast, therefore Spain took westward. ==· Columbus comes upon a New World == Columbus was seeking a new water route to the Indies but instead ran into an enormous land barrier blocking the path. Since he though he was in the Indies he called the native people Indians. The four found continents worked as a team but never realized it. 1492 – after everything changed. ==· When Worlds Collide == 3/5 of crops cultivated today came from the Americas. New World revolutionized the international economy, feeding the rapid population growth of the Old World. Switched crops and animals between old and new. Cattle, swine, and horses came from Columbus which Native Americans swiftly adopted the horses. Slaves moved into the New World. Europeans quickly spread diseases that ended up killing many Native Americans. 90% perished. Indians gave Europeans STD’s ==· The Spanish Conquistadores == Fanned out across the Caribean and eventually onto the mainland of the American continents. Vasco Nunez Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean, Panama 1513. Ferdinand Magellan in 1519 killed by inhabitants of the Philippines, completed the first circumnavigation of the globe. Juan Ponce de Leon – Florida. 1540-1542 Francisco Coronado, Arizona and New Mexico. Hernando de Soto, 1539-1542, gold expedition. Francisco Pizarro 1532 – South America. ==· The Conquest of Mexico == 1519 Henan Cortes went to take over Aztec’s Tenochtitlan because of gold and jewels wanted. Aztec empire gave way to three centuries of Spanish role. Disease also spread causing a loss of about 10 million Aztec people, making ruling that much easier. ==· The Spread of Spanish America == Built majestic cathedrals, printed books and opened universities for scholars. As Spanish spread so did the other countries looking to cut off the wealth. Fortresses at St. Augustine, Florida to block the French ambitions. Spread of Christian religion. Established settlement in Texas around 1716. 21 missions starting at San Diego and ending at San Francisco Bay. Tried to Christianize 300,000 native Californians. Ø **__Chapter 2 The planting of English America 1500-1733__**
 * ** Indirect Discoveries of the new World **

- As the 17th century dawned, scarcely a 100 years after Columbus’s momentous landfall the face of much the New World had already been profoundly transformed. - North America in 1600 remained largely unexplored and effectively unclaimed by Europeans. Feeble indeed were England’s efforts in the 1500’s to compete with the sprawling Spanish Empire. - Ireland, which nominally had been under English rule since the 12th century, became an early scene of that rivalry. - Encouraged by the ambitious Queen Elizabeth, hardy English buccaneers now swarmed out upon the shipping lanes. - The bleak Coast of Newfoundland was the scene of the first English attempt at colonization. - These pathetic English failures at colonization contrasted embarrassing with the glories of the Spanish Empire, whose profits were fabulously enriching Spain. - The route of the Spanish Armada marked the beginning of the end of Spanish imperial dreams, though New World wouldn’t collapse for 3 more centuries. - England’s victory over the Spanish Armada also marked a red letter day in American history. - A wonderous flowering of the English national spirit bloomed in the wake of the Spanish Armada’s defeat. - England’s scepter’d isle as Shakespeare called it, throbbed with social and economic change as the 17t century opened. - This remarkably mobile population alarmed many contemporaries. - Only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates. - Peace with Spain gave easy opportunity for England to colonize. - In 1606, 2 years after peace with Spain, the hand of destiny beckoned toward Virginia. - Late 1606, the Virginia Company’s three ships landed near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, where Indians attacked them. - Captain John Smith saved Virginia from collapsing. - The colonists died in droves, and living skeletons were driven to desperate acts. - The Spring of 1610, a new governor arose, Lord De La Warr. - Disease continued to reap a gruesome harvest among the Virginians. - When the English landed in 1607, chieftain Powhatan dominated the native peoples living in the James River area. - Atmosphere grew even more strained after 1610. - Anglo-Powhatan War in 1614 ended due to Pocahontas marrying colonist John Rolfe in 1st known interracial union in Virginia. War continued 8 years till 1622. - 2nd Anglo-Powhatan War in 1644, Indians made 1 last effort to dislodge colonists. - 3 d’s of disease, disorganization and disposability. - Disease was by far the biggest disrupter as Old World pathogens licked lethally through biologically defenseless Indian populations. - Trade transformed Indian life. - Indians along the Atlantic seaboard felt the most ferocious effects of European contact. - John Rolfe father of the tobacco industry; saved Virginia’s economics. - Virginia’s prosperity was built on tobacco smoke. - 1619 representative self-government was also born in Virginia. - 1624 James I took back Virginia under royal role. - Maryland Founded in 1634 was a Catholic haven by Lord Baltimore. - Act of Toleration 1649. - English began colonizing in the West Indies while was distracted with Dutch. - Sugar formed foundation of West Indies Economy - Barbadoes slave code of 1661. - Civil war consumed England in the 1640’s. - A series of bloody raids all but annihilated the Indian tribes of Coastal Carolina by 1710. - Mass-festooned Charlestown – also named for the King rapidly became the busiest seaport in the South. The village became a colorfully diverse community. - In Florida, Catholic Spaniards abhorred the intrusion of these Protestant heretics. - North Carolina was official split from South Carolina in 1712. - About 1720 almost all tribes in the southern colonies had been devastated. - Named in honor of King George II of England, Georgia was launched by a high-minded group of philanthropists (wealthy person who gives to good causes). - Savannah became a melting pot of German Lutherans and Scots Highlanders. - “Soil butchery” by excessive tobacco growing drove settlers westward, and the long, lazy rivers invited penetration of the continent and continuing confrontation with Indians.

Ø **__Chapter 3 Settling the Northern Colonies (1619-1700)__**

- Although colonists both North and South were bound together by a common language and allegiance to Mother England, they established different patterns of settlement, economics, political systems, and even different sets of values-defining distinctive regional characteristics that would persist for generations. - German friar Martin Luther nailed his protest against Catholic Doctrines to the door of Wittenberg’s cathedral in 1517. - John Calvin of Geneva created Calvinism. - Calvin created basic doctrine in 1536 “Institutes of the Christian Religion”. - Conversion an intense, identifiable personal experience in which God revealed to the elect their heavenly destiny. - King Henry VIII broke away from Roman Catholic Church in 1530’s making himself head of the Church of England. - Visible saints – persons who felt the stirrings of grace in their souls and could demonstrate its presence to their fellow Puritans should be admitted to church membership. - Pilgrim leaders drew up the Mayflower compact and signed it. A agree of crude government and to submit to the will of the majority order regulations agreed upon. - First Winter 1620-1621 only 44 out of the 102 survived. - In 1629 a group of non-separatist Puritans, fearing for their faith and for England’s future, secured a royal charter to form the Massachusetts Bay Company, which the Pilgrims joined after 1691. - Connecticut came to be called the Blue Law State. - Brought to trial in 1638, the quick-witted Hutchinson bamboozled her clerical inquisitors for days, until she eventually boasted that she had come by her beliefs through a direct revelation from God. - Roger Williams minister who was young and radical and had an unrestrained tongue. He was an extreme separatist and had to flee to Rhode Island in 1636. - Hartford founded in 1635. - Fundamental Orders was created in 1639 for the Connecticut River Colony. - New Hampshire was found in 1641 by Mass. Bay Colony, and then turned into a royal colony in 1679. - Shortly before the Pilgrims had arrived at Plymouth in 1620, an epidemic, probably triggered by contact with English fishermen, had swept through the coastal tribes and killed more than three-quarters of the native people. - 1675 Metacor or King Philip coordinated assaults on English village throughout New England. War ended in 1676 52 Puritan towns had been attacked, 12 destroyed completely. King Philip’s War. - 1643 – four Colonies banded together to form the New England Confederation. - Mass. Suffered more humiliation in 1686 when the Dominion of New England was created by royal authority. - The dominion of New England was designed to promote urgently needed efficiency in the administration of the English Navigation Laws. - Navigation Laws-reflected the intensifying colonial rivalries of the 17th century. - The people of Old England soon taught the people of New England a few lessons in resisting oppression. - 1688-1689 they engineered the Glorious Revolution. - 17th century the era of Rembrandt and other famous artists was a golden age in Dutch history. - New Netherlands established in 1623-1624, Hudson River Area. - Swedes in turn trespassed on Dutch preserves from 1638-1655 by planting the anemic colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River. - Quakers arose in England during the mid 1600’s name was said to come from “quake” when under deep religious emotion. - Officially know as the Religious Society of friends. - The physical growth of New York, was correspondingly slow. - William Penn established Pennsylvania attracted heavy inflow of immigrants due to truthfulness and correct policies 1681. - The feisty Scots-Irish were particularly unpersuaded by Quaker idealism. The Quaker Indian policy ended. - New Jersey started in 1664 when two noble proprietors received the area from the Duke of York. - The middle colonies in some ways were the most American part of America, could claim certain distinctions in their own rights. - Modern-minded Benjamin Franklin often regarded as the most representative American personality of his era, was a child of the middle colonies. - As people and products crisscrossed the colonies with increasing frequency and in increasing volume Americans began to realize that far removed from

Mother England they were not merely surviving but truly thriving.

Ø **__Chapter 4 American Life in the 17th Century (1607-1692)__**

- Life in American wilderness was rusty, brutish and short for the earliest Chesapeake settlers. Malaria, dysentery, and typhoid took a cruel toll, cutting 10 years off the life expectancy of newcomers from England. - The native born inhabitants eventually acquired immunity to the killer diseases that had ravaged the original immigrants. - Although unhealthy for human life, the Chesapeake was immensely hospitable to tobacco cultivation. - Leaf-laden ships annually hauled some 1.5 million pounds of tobacco out of Chesapeake Bay by the 1690’s almost 40 million pounds a year by the end of the century. - These “white slaves” represented more than 3 quarters of all European immigrants to Virginia and Maryland in the 17th century. - About 1 thousand Virginians broke out of control in 1676, led by a 29 year old planter, Nathaniel Bacon. - Perhaps 10 million Africans were carried in chains to the New World in the 3 centuries or so following Columbus’s landing. - Most slaves who reached America came from the west coast of Africa especially the area stretching from present-day Senegal to Angola. - Slavery might have begun in America for economic reasons but by the end of the 17th century it was clear that racial discrimination also powerfully molded the American slave system. - Deepest South, slave life was especially severe. - No slave uprising in American history matched the scale of Bacon’s Rebellion. - FFV’s ‘ first families in Virginia. - Few cities sprouted in the colonial South and consequently an urban professional class, including lawyers and financiers was slow to emerge. - Clean water and cool temps slowed the spread of killer microbes. - New England’s population grew from natural reproductive increase the people were remarkably fertile, even if the soil was not. Massachusetts governor William Phips was one of 27 children all by the same mother. - Family stability was reflected in low premarital pregnancy rates and in the strong, tranquil social structure characteristics of colonial New England. - The southern colonies generally allowed married women to retain separate title to their property and gave widows the right to inherit their husband’s estates. - Women still could not vote, and the popular attitude persisted that they were morally weaker than men a belief rooted by the biblical tale of Eve’s treachery in the Garden of Eden. - One Boston midwife alone delivered over 3000 babies. Sturdy New Englanders evolved a tightly knit society, the basis of which was small villages and farms. - New towns chartered by the colonial authorities and the distribution of land was entrusted to the steady hands of sober-minded town foathers, or proprietors. - Towns of more than 50 families were required to have/provide elementary education, and roughly half of the adults knew how to read and write. - Harvard College established by Mass. Puritans in 1636. - The town meetings observed Thomas Jefferson, was the best school of political liberty the world ever saw. - Half-way covenant-arrangement modified the “covenant”or the agreement between the church and its adherents, to admit to baptism, but not “full communion” the unconverted children of existing members. - A group of adolescent girls in Salem, Mass. claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women. A hysterical witch hunt ensued, leading to the legal lynching in 1692 of 20 individuals, 19 hung, 1 pressed to death, two dogs were hung also.

Ø **__Chapter 5 Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution (1700-1775)__**

The common term ”thirteen original colonies” is misleading. Britain ruled 32 colonies in North America by 1775, including Canada, the Floridas, and various Caribbean islands. Lusty population was a distinguishing characteristic that the rebellious settlements shared. By 1775 the English advantage in numbers had fallen to three to one setting the stage for a momentous shift in the balance of power between the colonies and Britain. The Germans made up 6% of the total population by 1775, fleeing religious persecution, economic oppression and the ravages of war. Scots-Irish made up 7% they weren’t even Irish, restrictions were put on their production of linens and woolens. The Paxton boys on Philadelphia in 1764 protesting Quaker oligarchy’s lenient policy toward the Indians and a few years later spearheaded the Regulator Movement in North Carolina against eastern domination of the colony’s affairs. By far the largest non-English group was African accounting for nearly 20% of the colonial population by 1775. Of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, 18 were non-English, and 8 weren’t even born in the colonies. As the various immigrant groups mingled and intermarried, they laid the foundations for a new multicultural American national identity unlike anything known in Europe. In comparison to contemporary Europe, 18th century America seemed like a shining land of equality and opportunity – with the notorious exception of slavery. The plaque of war also created a class of widows and orphans who became dependent for their survival on charity. In the South the power of the great planters continued to be bolstered by their disproportionate ownership of slaves. Far less fortunate than the voluntary indentured servants were the paupers and convicts involuntarily shipped to America Black slaves enjoyed no equality with whites and dared not even dream of ascending or even approaching the ladder of opportunity. British authorities seeking to preserve the supply of cheap labor for the colonies, especially the West Indies sugar plantations, repeatedly vetoed all efforts to stem the transatlantic traffic in slaves. 1765 the first medical school was established. When a physician was not available, a barber was often summoned for surgery. 1721 inoculation introduced to stop smallpox, which was powdered dried toad. Agriculture was the leading industry involving 90% of the people. By 1759 80,000 barrels of flour were exported a year. Triangle trade was infamously profitable, though small in relation to total colonial commerce. In 1733, bowing to pressure from influential British West Indian planters, Parliament passed the Molasses Act, aimed at squelching North American trade with the West French Indies. The impending imperial crisis, when headstrong Americans would revolt rather than submit to the dictates of the far-off Parliament, apparently bent on destroying their very livelihood. Man-made roads were wretched, heavy reliance was placed on sod-grooved waterways. Taverns were important in crystallizing public opinion and proved to be hotbeds of agitation as the revolutionary movement gathered momentum. An inter-colonial postal system was established by the mid-1700’s. Two established or tax-supported, churches were conspicuous in 1775: the Anglican and the Congregational. College of William and Mary was founded in 1693 to train a better class of clergy. Religious toleration had made enormous strides in America, at least when compared with its halting steps abroad. People could worship or not worship as they pleased. Great Awakening exploded in 1730’s and 1740’s by pastor Jonathan Edwards. Old lights – were deeply skeptical of the emotionalism and the theatrical antics of the revivalists. New lights – defending the Awakening for its role in revitalizing American religious. A time – honored English idea regarded education as a blessing reserved for the aristocratic few, not for the unwashed many. A significant contribution was made by Benjamin Franklin, who played a major role in launching what became the University of Pennsylvania, the first American college free from denominational control. Architecture was largely imported from the Old World and modified to meet the peculiar climatic and religious conditions of the New World. The Zenger decision was a banner achievement for freedom of the press and for the health of democracy. In the town meeting, with its open discussion and open voting, direct democracy functioned at its best.

Ø **__Chapter 6 The Duel of North America (1608-1763)__**

From 1688 to 1763, 4 bitter wars convulsed Europe – all were world wars. Nine world wars have waged since 1688, which American citizens fought every one. Seven Years War in Europe or French and Indian War in America set the stage for America’s independence. On St. Bartholomew’s Day, 1572, over 10,000 Huguenots-men, women and children were butchered in cold blood. King Louis XIV enthroned at age 5, reigned over France for 72 years. Samuel de Champlain “Father of New France”. King William’s War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713. The War of Jenkin’s Ear broke out in 1739 between the British and Spaniards. 1754 Virginia’s governor ushered George Washington, 221 years old surveyor and fellow of Virginia onto the stage of history. Washing was sent to Ohio Country as a lieutenant colonel in command of about 150 Virginia militiamen. After a 10-hour siege, Washington was forced to surrender his entire command in July 1754, 4th of July. The opening clashes of the French and Indian War went badly for the British colonist. The British launched a full-scale invasion of Canada in 1756, now that the undeclared war in America had at last merged into a world conflict. Superlative leader William Pitt was called forth in the hour of crisis, also known as “Great Commoner”. In 1757 he became the foremost leader in the London government. The Battle of Quebec in 1759 is marked as one of the most significant engagements in British and American history, James Wolfe was in charge of British, while Marquis de Montcalm was in charge of the French. Britain won. Peace Settlement at Paris (1763) France was thrown completely of the continent of North American. Great Britain emerged as the dominant power in North America, while taking its place as the leading naval power of the world. Britain’s colonists, baptized by fire, emerged with increased confidence in their military strength. In closing days of the conflict, some 20 thousand American recruits were under arms. The French and Indian War while bolstering colonial self-esteem, simultaneously shattered the myth of British invincibility. Displaying the contempt of the professional soldier for amateurs, the British refused to recognize any American militia commission above the rank of captain – a demotion humiliating to “Colonel” George Washington. Americans felt they deserved credit rather than contempt for risking their lives to secure a New World Empire. The curse of inter-colonial disunity, present from early days, had continued throughout the recent hostilities. Causes: enormous distances, geographical barriers like rivers, conflicting religions, varied nationalities, like rivers, conflicting religions, varied nationalities, differing types of colonial governments, many boundary disputes and the resentment of the crude tack country settlers against the aristocratic bigwigs. French thought perhaps the loss of their American empire would one day result in Britain’s loss of its American empire. The history of the United States began with the fall of Quebec and Montreal; the infant Republic was cradled on the Plains of Abraham. The Spanish removal from Florida and the French removal from Canada deprived the Indians of their most powerful diplomatic weapon-the ability to play off the rival European powers against one another. Ottawa chief Pontiac’s warriors besieged Detroit in the spring of 1763 and eventually overran all but three British posts west of the Appalachians, killing 2000 soldiers and settlers. London government issued its proclamation of 1763 prohibiting settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians, pending further adjustments. It was not designed to oppress the colonies at all but to work out the Indian problem fairly and prevent another bloody eruption like Pontiac’s uprising.