IS-Chapter+8+Notes

Chapter 8: America Secedes from the Empire 1775-1783 · Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, all 13 colonies represented, still no well-defined sentiment for independence; most important single action of Congress- selecting GW to head Continental Army · May 1775- tiny Am. force under Ethan Allen/Benedict Arnold captured British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point, securing store of gunpowder/artillery · June 1775- Breed’s Hill; 3,000 British, 1500 Americans; colonists abandon hill when gunpowder store gives out · Olive Branch Petition- adopted by Continental Congress in July 1775, professed American loyalty to the crown and begged king to prevent further hostilities, King George III hired thousands of German troops to help crush his rebellious subjects · October 1775- British burn Falmouth (Portland), Maine; General Richard Montgomery killed (assault on Quebec) · January 1776- British set fire to VA town Norfolk; forced to evacuate Boston in March · Thomas Paine- //Common Sense// sold 120,000 copies in three months · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">June 7, 1776- Richard Henry Lee of VA- motion that United Colonies ought to be independent states, adopted July 2nd <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Thomas Jefferson- VA lawyer, drafted Declaration of Independence formally approved by Congress July 4, 1776 <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">War of Independence- Colonists loyal to king (Loyalists/Tories) fought Am. rebels (Patriots/Whigs); rebels fought Br. redcoats <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">80,000 Loyalists driven out/fled, estates sold to finance the war <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">British fleet of 500 ships/35,000 men appear off NY in July 1776, GW dangerously outnumbered; Americans routed at Battle of Long Island, GW escaped to Manhattan Island, captured 1,000 Hessians on Dec. 26, 1776 <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Main invading force under General Burgoyne to capture the Hudson River Valley in 1777; progress was SLOW; Howe embarked with the main British army for attack on Philadelphia <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">GW defeated in late 1777: Brandywine Creek and Germantown; winter quarters at Valley Forge, frostbitten/hungry <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga October 17, 1777 to Am. general Horatio Gates <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">February 6, 1778- France offers Americans treaty of alliance; Spain, Holland enter fray against Britain in 1778 <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">France provided rebels w/ guns, $, equipment, half of America’s regular armed forces, and naval strength from 1778-1783 <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Benedict Arnold turns traitor in 1780, plot w/ British to sell out stronghold of West Point; plot detected, Arnold fled to British <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">1777- first treaty between US and an Indian nation- Treaty of Fort Stanwix <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Scotsman John Paul Jones- naval officer; contribution was destroying British merchant shipping, carrying war into British Isles <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Privateers brought in gold, harassed the enemy, and raised Am. morale by providing victories when victories were few <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">1780-81- gov. bankrupt, despair prevailed, sense of unity withered; British General Cornwallis awaiting seaborne supplies/reinforcements; Admiral de Grasse joins GW in cornering C. at Yorktown; C. surrenders on October 19, 1781 <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Britons weary after Yorktown, three Am. peace negotiators gathered at Paris: Ben Franklin, John Adams, John Jay w/ explicit instructions from Congress to make no separate peace and to consult w/ French allies at all stages of negotiations <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Treaty of Paris in 17 8 3; British formally recognized independence of United States, granted generous boundaries; America alone gained from the war